The
anatomical positions are-
1.
Face
forward
2.
Both
eyes looking forward
3.
Both shoulder
of the hand beside
4.
Both palms
of the hand facing forward
5.
Both foot
of the leg bilaterally.
Saturday, December 6, 2014
Thursday, December 4, 2014
Relations & coverings of the kidneys
Relations: Each of the kidneys is associated with a different groups of structures-
Right kidney-
Superiorly- The right adrenal gland.
Anteriorly- The right lobe of the liver, the duodenum and the hepatic flexure of the colon.
Posteriorly- The diaphragm, and musoles of the osterior abdominal wall.
Left kidney-
Superiorly- The left adrenal gland
Anteriorly- The spleen, stomach, pancreas, jejunum and splenic flexure of the colon.
Posteriorly- The diaphragm and muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.
Coverings of the kidneys:
1. Fibrous capsule- renal capsule that surrounds the kidney.
2. Pernephric fat- A layer of adipose tissue lying outside the renal capsule.
3. Renal fasica- It covers the kidney and the perinephric fat.
4. Paranephric fat- Ti lies outside of the renal fascia. Gross structure of the kidney.
Right kidney-
Superiorly- The right adrenal gland.
Anteriorly- The right lobe of the liver, the duodenum and the hepatic flexure of the colon.
Posteriorly- The diaphragm, and musoles of the osterior abdominal wall.
Left kidney-
Superiorly- The left adrenal gland
Anteriorly- The spleen, stomach, pancreas, jejunum and splenic flexure of the colon.
Posteriorly- The diaphragm and muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.
Coverings of the kidneys:
1. Fibrous capsule- renal capsule that surrounds the kidney.
2. Pernephric fat- A layer of adipose tissue lying outside the renal capsule.
3. Renal fasica- It covers the kidney and the perinephric fat.
4. Paranephric fat- Ti lies outside of the renal fascia. Gross structure of the kidney.
Description of kidney
Definition: The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped excretory organs in the posterior abdominal regions.
Position: The kidneys are retroperitoneal in the posterior abdominal region, one on each side of the vertebral column. They extend from the level of the 2nd thoracic vertebra to he 3rd lumbarvertebra. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of its relationship with the liver.
Measurement: Length- About 12 cm, Thickness- 3 cm
External features: Each kidney has-
a. Two poles-upper and lower
b. Two borders- medial and lateral
c. Two surfaces- anterior and posterior.
Hilum of kidney:
a. The hilum is a depression on the medial border of the kidney.
Internally, the hilum is continuous with hte renal sinus.
b. Structures seen in the hilum:
1. The renal vein
2. The renal artery
3. Renal pelvis
4. Lymph vessels
5. Nerves.
Position: The kidneys are retroperitoneal in the posterior abdominal region, one on each side of the vertebral column. They extend from the level of the 2nd thoracic vertebra to he 3rd lumbarvertebra. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of its relationship with the liver.
Measurement: Length- About 12 cm, Thickness- 3 cm
External features: Each kidney has-
a. Two poles-upper and lower
b. Two borders- medial and lateral
c. Two surfaces- anterior and posterior.
Hilum of kidney:
a. The hilum is a depression on the medial border of the kidney.
Internally, the hilum is continuous with hte renal sinus.
b. Structures seen in the hilum:
1. The renal vein
2. The renal artery
3. Renal pelvis
4. Lymph vessels
5. Nerves.
Define the digestive system and name the parts of it
Digestive system: Digestive system is consist of two parts-
A. Alimentary tract
a. Mouth/Oral cavity pharynx.
b. Oesophagus.
c. Stomach.
d. Small intestine.
e. Large intestine.
B. Accessory digestive organ.
a. Teeth
b Salivary gland
c. Liver
d. Pecreas
e. Deodenum
f. Jejunum
g. Ilium
h. Caccum with vermiform appendix
i. Asccending colon
j. Transverse colon
k. Desending colon
l. Sigmiod colon
m. Rectum
n. Anal canal
o. Anus.
A. Alimentary tract
a. Mouth/Oral cavity pharynx.
b. Oesophagus.
c. Stomach.
d. Small intestine.
e. Large intestine.
B. Accessory digestive organ.
a. Teeth
b Salivary gland
c. Liver
d. Pecreas
e. Deodenum
f. Jejunum
g. Ilium
h. Caccum with vermiform appendix
i. Asccending colon
j. Transverse colon
k. Desending colon
l. Sigmiod colon
m. Rectum
n. Anal canal
o. Anus.
Wednesday, December 3, 2014
Short notes on cardiac cycle
Cardiac cycle: The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of the one heart beat to the beginning of the next one is called cardiac cycle.
Cardiac cycle time: the normal cardiac cycle time is the 60/75 sec.=0.8 sec.
The events of cardiac cycle:
A. Electrical event/changes: Electrocardiogram.
B. Mechanical events/changes.
a. Pressure change: Venticular atrial is aortic and pulmonary arterial.
b. Volume change: Ventricular arterial.
c. Production of heart, sounds and apex beat.
Changes occur during cardiac cycle:
a. Changes in pressure
b. Changes in Volume
c. Production of heart sound.
Cardiac cycle time: the normal cardiac cycle time is the 60/75 sec.=0.8 sec.
The events of cardiac cycle:
A. Electrical event/changes: Electrocardiogram.
B. Mechanical events/changes.
a. Pressure change: Venticular atrial is aortic and pulmonary arterial.
b. Volume change: Ventricular arterial.
c. Production of heart, sounds and apex beat.
Changes occur during cardiac cycle:
a. Changes in pressure
b. Changes in Volume
c. Production of heart sound.
Tuesday, December 2, 2014
What is Microbiology and Micro organism
Microbiology: The branch of medical sciencal which deals with living microorganisms is called microbiology.
Micro organism: Microorganisms are small organism either microscopic of submicroscopic creater, mainly unicellular, multicellular of its nature, properties, like, taste, colour and other.
Micro organism: Microorganisms are small organism either microscopic of submicroscopic creater, mainly unicellular, multicellular of its nature, properties, like, taste, colour and other.
Functions of Bones
1. Shae and support- Bones provide a frame work that supports the body and gives shape.
For example- The rib cage supports the thoracic wall and gives body shape.
2. Protection- Bones provide mechanical protection to vitasl organs.
For example- The skull bones protect the brain, the vertebrae protect the spinal cord, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
3. Movement- Bones allow movement of the body and its parts, by forming joints that are moved by muscles. As a result, we can walk, grasp objects, and breathe.
4. Mineral storage- bone is a reservoir for minerals, the most important of which are calcium phosphate. This is essential for maintenance of blood calcium levels.
5. Blood cell formation- This occurs in red bone marrow present in the marrow cavities of certain bones.
For example- The rib cage supports the thoracic wall and gives body shape.
2. Protection- Bones provide mechanical protection to vitasl organs.
For example- The skull bones protect the brain, the vertebrae protect the spinal cord, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
3. Movement- Bones allow movement of the body and its parts, by forming joints that are moved by muscles. As a result, we can walk, grasp objects, and breathe.
4. Mineral storage- bone is a reservoir for minerals, the most important of which are calcium phosphate. This is essential for maintenance of blood calcium levels.
5. Blood cell formation- This occurs in red bone marrow present in the marrow cavities of certain bones.
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